The Difference Between Security Guards & Private Investigators

What is the difference between a security guard and a private investigator?

Security guards and private investigators work in protective services but they handle very different responsibilities. A security guard’s role is to maintain visible presence to deter threats and respond to security incidents. In contrast, a private investigator gathers intelligence discreetly to support civil, legal or private matters. Both professions are vital within the UK’s security sector, but their approach, skill set, and working conditions vary greatly.

What does a security guard do?

Responsibilities and duties

Security guards are responsible for monitoring areas to prevent unauthorised access, vandalism, theft and safety breaches. They are often employed by private security firms or directly by companies and public sector organisations. Their work includes patrolling premises, supervising CCTV systems, verifying identity at access points and responding to incidents on site.

Common work settings

You will typically find security officers working in commercial buildings, retail stores, transport hubs, hospitals, construction sites and event venues. In some roles such as close protection or door supervision, guards are also responsible for personal safety and crowd control.

Skills and attributes

Security professionals must demonstrate situational awareness, effective communication, resilience, conflict resolution and risk assessment skills. They must also act quickly and calmly during emergencies. Being licensed by the Security Industry Authority (SIA) is a legal requirement for most roles.

What does a private investigator do?

Role and responsibilities

Private investigators collect evidence and conduct surveillance to support investigations in civil, corporate or criminal matters. They may be hired to look into insurance fraud, background checks, workplace theft, financial disputes or matrimonial concerns such as infidelity. Investigators often operate independently and must rely on research, surveillance and intelligence gathering.

Where private investigators work

They typically operate in the field rather than a fixed location. Investigators may spend hours observing a subject, working from a vehicle, or accessing public records and databases. Their work supports private clients, law firms, insurance providers and corporate entities.

Required capabilities

Successful private investigators need strong attention to detail, patience, discretion and a sound understanding of the law including the Data Protection Act and Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act. The ability to document and present findings clearly is essential, especially when evidence is intended for use in court proceedings.

How do you become a licensed security guard in the UK?

To become a licensed security guard, individuals must complete SIA approved training. This includes the Level 2 Award for Security Officers, which covers legal responsibilities, emergency procedures, communication skills, and physical intervention. The course also requires first aid certification as a prerequisite.

Once training is complete, candidates take the SIA exam. A clear criminal record and the right to work in the UK are necessary for licence approval. More detailed guidance is available through the SIA Security Guard Training, a recognised provider of security qualifications.

Do private investigators need a licence in the UK?

Currently, private investigation is not regulated by a statutory licensing regime in the UK. However, professional investigators often hold certifications and belong to organisations such as the Association of British Investigators (ABI). Many employers and clients prefer working with investigators who demonstrate compliance with ethical and legal standards.

Although there is no SIA licence for investigators yet, this may change in future as calls for regulation grow. Until then, clients should verify experience, training and professional memberships when hiring an investigator.

What is the difference in how they work each day?

Visibility versus discretion

Security guards operate in uniform to establish a clear physical presence that deters threats and reassures the public. They are trained to handle incidents openly, make arrests under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act where permitted, and liaise with police or emergency services as needed.

Private investigators take a low profile. Their goal is to avoid detection while observing or tracking individuals. Investigators work on specific assignments rather than general safety patrols. Their daily tasks may involve long hours of covert surveillance, online research, and evidence compilation.

Equipment and tools used

Technology and tools in security work

Security personnel use surveillance systems, radio communication, access control systems, metal detectors and incident reporting software. They may also carry body-worn cameras, especially when working in public-facing roles.

Tools and methods in private investigation

Private investigators use a mix of digital research tools, discreet video cameras, GPS tracking devices (where legally permitted) and public record databases. Investigative techniques must comply with privacy legislation and ethical codes.

For example, tracing a missing person often involves combining electoral roll data, Companies House records and discreet field observation.

Can you work as both a private investigator and a security guard?

Yes, it is possible to work in both roles if you meet the relevant training requirements. Some individuals start their careers in security and later transition into private investigation. Others maintain both skill sets to increase job opportunities.

Training in investigation provides guards with an enhanced ability to detect suspicious behaviour, while security experience gives investigators practical insight into threat assessment and situational awareness.

What training is available for each role?

Security guard training courses

The SIA training programme for security guards includes physical intervention, legal knowledge, customer service and incident management. Practical assessments are required alongside theory exams.

Private investigator training options

There are online and classroom-based courses focusing on areas such as surveillance techniques, information gathering, interviewing and legal boundaries. Some programmes also offer field-based modules. Online Training for Investigators is a flexible option recognised by professionals across the UK.

Where can each role take you?

Career progression in security

Security guards can move into supervisory roles, become security consultants or specialise in areas like door supervision or close protection. Experience and continuous training open paths into corporate security and loss prevention.

Opportunities for private investigators

Private investigators may specialise in legal support, financial investigations, fraud detection or forensic research. With experience, they may work alongside solicitors, insurance companies or corporate clients.

Which career suits your strengths?

If you are comfortable with responsibility, enjoy public interaction and want a visible protective role, security may be a better fit. If you prefer problem solving, observation and independent working, investigation may suit you more. Both careers require professionalism, legal awareness and ongoing development.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need previous experience to train as a guard or investigator?

No. Both roles can be entered through training and certification. Practical experience is beneficial but not essential to get started.

What salary can I expect in each job?

Security guards in the UK typically earn between £25,000 and £35,000 per year depending on experience and role. Private investigators often earn between £35,000 and £45,000 with some experienced professionals earning more on complex assignments.

Can I progress into management?

Yes. Security professionals can move into team leader or managerial roles. Investigators may take on complex casework or set up their own agency.

Is investigator work dangerous?

Most of the work involves observation and research. However, investigators may face unpredictable situations when conducting surveillance. Proper training reduces risks.

Can I switch careers later?

Yes. Many professionals begin in one role and expand their career by gaining training and experience in the other.

Security guards and private investigators each bring value to protecting people, assets and information. Understanding how their roles differ helps clients and jobseekers alike make informed decisions.